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Tuesday, August 12, 2008, 9:30 pm

Wow. I just found a great site for revision on Qualitative Analysis.
It is called the Virtual CrezLab. They have alot of information on QA.
As well as on Redox and Acid, Bases and Salts.
Maybe late as the Common Test is tomorrow. But for SA2 and O's it ain't too late yet.

GCE 'O' LEVEL SYLLABUS & NOTES

1. Identification of ions and gases

1. describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following cations: aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper(II), iron(II), iron(III), lead(II) and zinc, (Formulae of complex ions are not required.)

2. describe the tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by reaction with dilute acid and then limewater), chloride (by reaction, under acidic conditions, with aqueous silver nitrate), iodide (by reaction, under acidic conditions, with aqueous lead(II) nitrate), nitrate (by reduction with aluminium to ammonia) and sulphate (by reaction, under acidic conditions, with aqueous barium ions).

3. ammonia (using damp red litmus paper), carbon dioxide (using limewater), chlorine (using damp litmus paper), hydrogen (using lighted splint), oxygen (using glowing splint) and sulphur dioxide (using acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

2. Redox

1. define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss.
2. define redox in terms of electron transfer and changes in oxidation state.
3. identify redox reactions in terms of oxygen/hydrogen, and/or electron gain/loss.
4. describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide, acidified potassium dichromate(VI) and acidified potassium manganate(VII) in testing for oxidising and reducing agents from the resulting colour changes.

3. The Chemistry and Uses Acids, Bases and Salts

3.1 The characteristics and properties of acids and bases

1. describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they contain or produce in aqueous solution and their effects on Univeral indicator paper.
2. describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator paper and the pH scale.
3. describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases, alkalis, carbonates.
4. describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of ionisation
5. describe neutralisation as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water:
H+ + OH- ---> H2O
6. describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts.
7. classify oxides as either acidic, basic or amphoteric related to metallic/non-metallic character.

3.2 Preparation of Salts

1. describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation and purification of salts as examples of some of the techniques specific in 'Experimental Techniques' (Methods of preparing salts to illustrate the practical techniques should include the action of acids with metals, insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates.)
2. describe the general rules of solubility for common slats to include nitrates, chlorides (including silver and lead), sulphates (including barium, calcium and lead), carbonates, hydroxides, Group I cations and ammonium salts.

3.3 Properties and uses of ammonia

3.4 Sulphuric acid

4. Metals

4.1 Properties of Metals

1. describe the general physical as solids having high melting and boiling points, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity in terms of their structure.
2. describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element, e.g. brass; stainless steel.
3. identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures.
4. explain why alloys have different physical properties to their constituent elements.

4.2 Reactivity Series

1. place in order of reactivity calcium, copper, (hydrogen), iron magnesium, potassium, silver, sodium and zinc by reference to: the reactions, if any, of the metals with: water or steam; dilute hydrochloric acid
2. the reduction, if any, of their oxides with carbon and/or with hydrogen
1. describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive ion, illustrated by its reaction with: (i) the aqueous ions of the other listed metals;(ii) the oxides of the other listed metals.
2. describe the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results.
3. describe the action of heat on the carbonates of the listed metals and relate thermal stability to the reactivity series.

5. Periodic Table

5.1 Periodic Trends

1. describe the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to proton number and electronic structure.
2. describe the relationship between group number and the ionic charge of an element.
3. explain the similarities between group number and the ionic charge of an element.
4. explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table in terms of their electronic structure.
5. describe the relationship between group number, number of valency electrons and metallic and non-metallic character.
6. Predict the properties of elements in Group I, VII and the transition elements using the Periodic Table.

5.2 Group Properties

1. describe lithium sodium and potassium in Group I (the alkali metals) as a collection of relatively soft, low density metals showing a trend in melting point and in their reaction with water.
2. describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII (the halogens) as a collection of diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour, state and their displacement reactions with solutions of other halide ions.

5.3 Transition Elements

1. describe the central block of elements as transition metals with high melting points, high density, variable oxidation state and forming coloured compounds.
2. state the use of these elements and/or their compounds as catalysts, e.g. iron in the Haber process; vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process; nickel in the hydrogenation of alkenes.

6. Energy From Chemicals

1. describe the meaning of enthalphy change in terms of exothermic (DH negative) and endothermic (DH positive) reactions.

7. Organic Chemistry

7 .1 Alcohols

1. describe the properties of alcohol in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids.

7.2 Carboxylic acids

1. describe the carboxylic acids as weak acids, reacting with carbonates, bases and some metals.
2. describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or acidified potassium dichromate(VI).
3. describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol to form the ester, ethyl ethanoate.

8. Reagents List for 5068/3
Reagent & Concentration

Aqueous sodium hydroxide approximately 1.0 mol/dm3
Aqueous ammonia approximately 1.0 mol/dm3

Hydrochloric acid approximately 1.0 mol/dm3
Nitric acid approximately 1.0 mol/dm3
Sulphuric acid approximately 0.5 mol/dm3

Aqueous silver nitrate approximately 0.05 mol/dm3
Aqueous barium nitrate approximately 0.2 mol/dm3
Aqueous barium chloride approximately 0.2 mol/dm3
Limewater saturated solution of calcium hydroxide

Aqueous potassium dichromate(VI) approximately 0.1 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium manganate(VII) approximately 0.02 mol/dm3
Aqueous potassium iodide approximately 0.1 mol/dm3

Aluminium foil
Red and blue litmus paper or universal indicator paper


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Bio of the Cleristo

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The one who shall be made as a fellow, Cleristo, was named as Clarence Liu. He comes to being on 19th January 1993 at 1134. Studied at South View Primary and spent 6 years there. After which he moves on to Bukit Batok Secondary, where he is now currently in..
He is a self-reliant person who lives a life without spiritual suppport. He hates people who are evil, though he believes that everyone is born equally good hearted. He treats everyone before him of equal status.
He is also a person of high compassion and cares for all around him.


Favourite quote of Shakespeare would be: "The fault, dear Brutus, is not in the stars, but in us for we are underlings."


Quotes:
"Thou shall not live, shall no live."
"Stream down that river, for new wonders beyond those waters."
"With this clap, the world shall witness the beauty and wonders. With a snap, it shall change. With that many, it has already begun so."
"Ignorance is bliss, for ignorance is not to be blamed for the wretched ones actions."
"Stop hiding, start searching."
"What is Love to cause such misery to those who fail to achieve it. Love."


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